Causes of Biventricular Heart Failure
• Cardiomyopathy (dilated cardiomyopathy).
• Myocarditis.
• Ischaemic heart disease (such as extensive myocardial infarction).
• Right-sided heart failure secondary to left-sided heart failure (e.g. MR, AS or AR).
• Hyperdynamic circulation (in severe anaemia, thyrotoxicosis, arteriovenous shunt, beri- beri).
• Myxoedema (called myxoedema heart).
• Multiple vulvular diseases.