Rheumatic Fever
Definition It is a multisystem disorder that occurs as a sequele to pharyngitis by group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus. Mechanism It is due to autoimmune reaction due to molecular mimicry between…
Sinus Arrhythmia
Definition It is an arrhythmia in which heart rate increases in inspiration and decreases in expiration. It is a benign condition, common in children and young adults. Sometimes, in healthy…
Congenital Heart Diseases
Types of Congenital Heart Diseases: Cyanotic • Tetralogy of Fallot. • Transposition of great vessels. • Truncus arteriosus. • Pulmonary atresia. • Tricuspid atresia. • Ebstein’s anomaly. Acyanotic • Left…
Causes of Chest Pain
• Cardiac causes: –– Acute myocardial infarction.–– Angina pectoris.–– Pericarditis–– Myocarditis.–– Dissecting aortic aneurysm. • Non-cardiac causes: –– Spontaneous pneumothorax.–– Pulmonary embolism.–– Reflux oesophagitis.–– Oesophageal tear (Mallory Weis syndrome).–– Mediastinitis.––…
Heart Failure
Definition It is the failure of the heart to maintain adequate cardiac output to meet the demand of the tissue or can do so only at the expense of an…
Special Types of Hypertension
White Coat Hypertension When blood pressure is recorded in a hospital set-up or in the physician’s clinic, there may be transient rise in BP in a normal individual. This is…
Hypertension
Definition Persistent rise of arterial BP above the arbitrarily normal range. If systolic blood pressure > 140 mm Hg, diastolic BP > 90 mm Hg, the patient is diagnosed as…
Congestive Cardiac Failure
Definition Congestive cardiac failure (CCF) actually means right-sided heart failure. There is inability of the right ventricle to propel blood resulting in backflow of blood to systemic veins causing engorged…
Causes of Biventricular Failure
Causes of Biventricular Heart Failure • Cardiomyopathy (dilated cardiomyopathy). • Myocarditis. • Ischaemic heart disease (such as extensive myocardial infarction). • Right-sided heart failure secondary to left-sided heart failure (e.g.…
Acute Left Ventricular Failure
Definition Acute left ventricular failure (LVF) is the failure of left ventricle to propel blood in the systemic circulation. As a result, there is accumulation of blood in pulmonary circulation…