Treatment Goals for Adults with Diabetes
HbA1c : < 7.0% Preprandial capillary plasma glucose: 4.4 – 7.2 mmol/L (80 -130 mg/dL) Postprandial capillary plasma glucose: <10 mmol/L (<180 mg/dL) Blood Pressure: <140/90 mmHg Ref: Harrison’s Principles…
Ventricular Tachycardia
Definition of Ventricular Tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia (VT) is defined as three or more consectutive ectopic beats, heart rate usually 140–220 beats/minute with regular rhythm. Causes of Ventricular Tachycardia • Acute…
Ventricular Fibrillation
Definition of Ventricular fibrillation Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a type of ventricular arrhythmia characterised by rapid, irregular, ineffective and uncoordinated ventricular activation with no mechanical effect. There is chaotic electrical…
Marfan’s Syndrome
What is Marfan’s Syndrome Definition It is a connective tissue disorder inherited as autosomal dominant trait due to mutation in the fibrillin-1 gene, a component of extracellular matrix. The fibrillin…
Pacemaker
What is Pacemaker Pacemaker is an artificial device used to electrically stimulate the heart. It is composed of two parts: • Battery-powered generator. • Wire electrode—which is attached to the…
Left Bundle Branch Block (LBBB)
ECG Criteria of LBBB • RSR´- in V5 and V6, also in L1 and aVL (M pattern). • QRS wide, >0.12 second (3 small squares). Causes of LBBB • Severe…
Right Bundle Branch Block (RBBB)
What is RBBB The full terms of RBBB is Right Bundle Branch Block ECG Criteria • RSR—in V1 and V2 (M pattern). • QRS—wide, >0.12 second (3 small squares). Causes…
Complete Heart Block
What is Complete Heart Block No impulse from atria transmitted to the ventricles. So, ventricles generate their own rhythm. Causes of Complete Heart Block (CHB) 1. Acute CHB—Acute MI (commonly…
Second Degree AV Block
What is Second Degree AV Block Types It is of 3 types: • Mobitz type I (Wenckebach’s phenomenon). • Mobitz type II. • 2 : 1 or 3 : 1…
First Degree AV Block
What is First Degree AV Block It is the prolongation of PR >0.22 sec. Every atrial depolarisation is followed by conduction to the ventricles, but with delay. Causes of First…