Tetralogy of Fallot
Definition It is a cyanotic congenital heart disease consisting of the following: 1. Pulmonary stenosis (right ventricular outflow tract obstruction). 2. Overriding and dextroposition of aorta (aortic origin—two-thirds from left…
Aortic Regurgitation
Definition It is a congenital defect of the heart in which the Aortic Valve of the heart does not close tightly causing the regurgitation of blood from the aorta to…
Atrial Septal Defect
Definition: It is a congenital defect in the septum between two atria. Common in females M:F = 1:2. Types: There are 2 types of Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) 1. Ostium…
Sick Sinus Syndrome
Definition It is the dysfunction of SA node characterised by attacks of sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest or junctional rhythm which may lead to dizziness or syncope, followed by episodes of…
WPW Syndrome
Definition It is a syndrome in which there is an accessory pathway that bypasses the AV node and connects the atrium and ventricle (by bundles of Kent). May be associated…
Supraventricular Tachycardia
Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) Definition It is a type of tachycardia that occurs due to re-entry or rapidly firing ectopic focus in atria or AV node. Causes 1. Physiological Causes Anxiety,…
Sinus Tachycardia
Definition When the heart rate is greater than 100/min in sinus ( rhythm. Causes 1. Physiological—anxiety, emotion, exercise, pain, pregnancy. 2. Pathological— –– Anaemia. –– Fever. –– Thyrotoxicosis. –– Shock…
Sinus Bradycardia
Definition When heart rate is less than 60/min in sinus rhythm. Causes of Sinus Bradycardia 1. Physiological (due to increased vagal tone)— –– Athlete. –– Sleep. –– Occasionally, healthy elderly.…
Nodal or Junctional Rhythm
Definition When the impulse originate from AV node, it is called nodal or junctional rhythm. If the rate is high, it is called junctional tachycardia. Usually, it occurs due to…
Arrhythmia
Definition It is defined as the disorder of rate, rhythm and conduction of cardiac impulse. Types 1. Impulse arising from SA node (Sinus arrhythmia)— –– Sinus arrhythmia. –– Sinus tachycardia.…