Causes of Bronchiectasis
What are the causes of Bronchiectasis? 1. Congenital or hereditary— – Cystic fibrosis. – Kartagener’s syndrome (triad of bronchiectasis, dextrocardia and sinusitis or frontal sinus agenesis). – Primary ciliary dyskinesia…
Pulmonary Hypertension
What is Pulmonary Hypertension It is defined as mean pulmonary arterial pressure > 25 mm Hg at rest and > 30 mm Hg during exercise. Causes of Pulmonary Hypertension 1.…
Acute Pericarditis
Definition It is the acute inflammation of the pericardium (The outer layer of cardiac muscle) called Acute Pericarditis. Causes of Acute Pericarditis • Viral (coxsackie B, echovirus)—common cause. • Acute…
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Definition of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease of the heart muscle characterized by hypertrophy of cardiac muscle with misalignment of the cardiac fibers.Hypertrophy may be generalized or…
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus It is a congenital heart disease in which ductus arteriosus (a hole) fails to close after birth, causing the oxygenated blood flow from the aorta…
Ventricular Septal Defect
What is Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) It is a type of congenital heart disease, in which there is a defect (hole) in the ventricular septal, causing the blood flow from…
Eisenmenger’s Syndrome
Definition of Eisenmenger’s Syndrome Pulmonary hypertension with reversal of shunt is called Eisenmenger’s syndrome. Causes of Eisenmenger’s Syndrome VSD, ASD, PDA. In these cases, persistently raised pulmonary flow (due to…
Coarctation of Aorta
Definition Coarctation of aorta (COA) is the narrowing of the aorta. Types: 2 Types 1. Postductal (adult type): Below the origin of left subclavian artery, where ductus arteriosus joins the…
Aortic Regurgitation
Definition It is a congenital defect of the heart in which the Aortic Valve of the heart does not close tightly causing the regurgitation of blood from the aorta to…
Sick Sinus Syndrome
Definition It is the dysfunction of SA node characterised by attacks of sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest or junctional rhythm which may lead to dizziness or syncope, followed by episodes of…