Category: Cardiology

Definition Congestive cardiac failure (CCF) actually means right-sided heart failure. There is inability of the right ventricle to propel blood resulting in backflow of blood to systemic veins causing engorged…

Causes of Biventricular Heart Failure • Cardiomyopathy (dilated cardiomyopathy). • Myocarditis. • Ischaemic heart disease (such as extensive myocardial infarction). • Right-sided heart failure secondary to left-sided heart failure (e.g.…

Definition Acute left ventricular failure (LVF) is the failure of left ventricle to propel blood in the systemic circulation. As a result, there is accumulation of blood in pulmonary circulation…

What is Aortic Stenosis (AS) Normal area of aortic valve is 1.5–2 cm². It is severe, if the area is < 1 cm². If the valve area is < 0.7…

Causes of Pulmonary Regurgitation • Dilatation of pulmonary valve secondary to pulmonary hypertension.• Secondary to mitral stenosis producing an early diastolic murmur (Graham Steel murmur).• Rheumatic fever.• Carcinoid syndrome. Symptoms…

Causes of Pulmonary Stenosis • Congenital (most common).• Associated with Carcinoid syndrome, Noonan’s syndrome, Fallot’s tetralogy.• May occur, if there is rubella in pregnancy. Symptoms • May be asymptomatic.• Symptoms,…

Causes of Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR) • Functional—secondary to pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, right heart failure (commonestcause).• Chronic rheumatic heart disease.• Infective endocarditis (commonly involved in drug addicts).• Congenital heart disease…

Causes of Mitral Regurgitation • Chronic rheumatic heart disease.• Mitral valve prolapse.• Papillary muscle dysfunction.• Infective endocarditis.• Trauma or mitral valvotomy.• Connective tissue diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, Marfan’s syndrome, Ehler-Danlossyndrome).•…

Definition It is the common primary tumour of heart, usually benign, may be pedunculated, polypoid,gelatinous, attached by a pedicle to the atrial septum. It may be sporadic and familial. It…